-
1 organization structure
Gen Mgtthe form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments, functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages, and may be represented by an organization chart. The complexity of an organization’s structure is often proportional to its size and its geographic dispersal. The traditional organization structure for many businesses in the 20th century was the bureaucracy, originally defined by Max Weber. More recent forms include the flat, network, matrix, and virtual organizations. These forms have become more prevalent during the last decades of the 20th century as a result of the trend toward restructuring and downsizing and developments in telecommunications technology. According to Harold J. Leavitt, organization structure is inextricably linked to the technology and people who perform the tasks. Charles Handy has shown that it is also directly linked to corporate culture. -
2 organization theory
Gen Mgtthe body of research and knowledge concerning organizations. Organization theory originally focused primarily on the organization as a unit, as opposed to organization behavior, which explored individual and group behavior within the organization. Organization behavior emerged as a separate discipline in the late 1950s and early 1960s but there remains a large amount of overlap between the two. Organization theory covers a variety of areas including organization structure and organizational psychology. -
3 organization
Gen Mgtan arrangement of people and resources working in a planned manner toward specified strategic goals. An organization can be any structured body such as a business, company, or firm in the private or public sector, or in a nonprofit association. -
4 organization chart
Gen Mgta graphic illustration of an organization’s structure, showing hierarchical authority and relationships between departments and jobs. The horizontal dimension of an organization chart shows the nature of job function and responsibility and the vertical dimension shows how jobs are coordinated in reporting or authority relationships. Some charts include managers’ names, others only job titles. Organization charts are widely used to bring order and clarity to the way the organization is structured. Despite this, they reflect little of the way organizations actually work and can appear complex, especially in highly bureaucratic organizations. The first recorded organization chart was produced in the United States by David C. McCallum for the New York and Erie Railroad. -
5 tall organization
Gen Mgtan organization structure with many levels of management. A tall organization contrasts with a flat organization, since it has an extended vertical structure with well-defined but long reporting lines. The number of different levels may cause communication problems and slow decision making. It is for this reason that many companies are converting to flatter structures more suited to the fast responses needed in a rapidly changing business environment. -
6 matrix structure
Gen Mgta form of organization structure based on horizontal and vertical relationships. The matrix structure is linked closely to matrix management, and is related to project management. It emerged on an improvised rather than planned basis as a way of showing how people work with or report to others in their organization, project, geographic region, process, or team. -
7 federal organization
Gen Mgta form of organization structure, identified by Charles Handy, in which subsidiaries federate to gain benefits of scale. In a federal organization, the leader provides coordination and vision, and initiatives are generated from the component subsidiary organizations. Federal organization is one of the many ways in which organizations restructure in order to deal with the dilemmas of power and control. According to Handy, federal organization offers an enabling framework for autonomy to release corporate energy for people to do things in their own way, provided that it is in the common interest, and for people to be well informed so as to be able to interpret that common interest. Handy cites Royal Dutch Shell, Unilever, and ABB as exemplars of federalism. -
8 flat organization
Gen Mgt, HRa slimmeddown organization structure, with fewer levels between top and bottom than a traditional bureaucracy, that is supposedly more responsive and better able to cope with fastmoving change. A flat organization can be the result of delayering. -
9 shamrock organization
Gen Mgta form of organization structure with three bases on which people can be employed and on which organizations can be linked to each other. The shamrock organization was identified by Charles Handy. The three bases or groups are professional managers, contracted specialists such as advertising, computing, or catering personnel, and a flexible labor force discharging part-time, temporary, or seasonal roles. -
10 line organization
Gen Mgtan organization structure based on line management -
11 learning organization
Gen Mgtan organizational model characterized by a flat structure and customer-focused teams, that engenders the collective ability to develop shared visions by capturing and exploiting employees’ willingness, commitment, and curiosity. The concept of the learning organization was proposed by Chris Argyris and Donald Schön as part of their work on organizational learning, but was brought back to public attention in the 1990s by Peter Senge. For Senge, a learning organization is one with the capacity to shift away from views inherent to a traditional hierarchical, organization, toward the ability of all employees to challenge prevailing thinking and gain a balanced perspective. Senge believes the five major elements of a learning organization are mental models, personal mastery, systems thinking, shared vision, and team learning. Because of the requirement for an open, risktolerant culture, which is the opposite of the corporate culture of most organizations today, the learning organization remains, for many, an unattainable ideal. -
12 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)Portugal joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949, as a founding member. Besides complementing the Atlantic orientation of Portugal's foreign and defense policies, this membership also supported the country's close relationship with two leading members of NATO, Great Britain and the United States. Portugal's slight contribution to NATO in the first decades after joining was conditioned mainly by the fact that Portugal's primary concern was in defending its colonial empire, Portuguese India (1954-61) and in conducting several colonial wars in its African empire in Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau (1961-74). One contentious question during this phase of Portugal's membership was the extent to which Portugal used NATO-issued equipment to fight those wars in Africa and Asia, since several of these colonial territories were neither on the Atlantic nor in NATO's jurisdiction (Mozambique and Portuguese India).The perceived strategic value of Portugal's key Atlantic archipelagos, the Azores and Madeiras, constituted Portugal's primary contribution to NATO and neutralized any U.S. ambivalence about the question of Portugal's NATO membership. The usefulness of Azores' air and naval bases, especially Lajes base at Angra do Heroísmo, Terceira Island, Azores, along with bases in continental Portugal and in the Madeira Islands, trumped international criticism of Portugal's colonial action and influenced American policy toward Portugal. This remained the situation until after the Yom Kippur war, an Arab-Israeli conflict, in October 1973, when Portugal, despite the risks to her energy supplies, gave the United States permission to use Azores bases for resupplying Israel.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 had an impact on Portugal's relationship to NATO. Leftist forces in Portugal were now in command, and Portuguese NATO delegates did not attend highly sensitive NATO defense briefings. But by 1980, after moderate military forces had ousted the radical leftists, Portugal's NATO roles returned to the routing. One of NATO's major subordinate commands became IBERLANT (Iberian Atlantic Command), under SACLANT (Supreme Commander Atlantic), located at Norfolk, Virginia. IBERLANT is located at Oeiras, Portugal and, in 1982, the IBERLAND commander for the first time was a Portuguese Vice Admiral. That same year, Spain joined NATO and, until 1986, when Spain decided not to join NATO's integrated military structure, Portugal was anxious that Portuguese commanders not be subordinate to Spanish commanders in NATO. As a key leader of IBERLANT, along with the representative units of Great Britain and the United States, Portugal's forces remain responsible for surveillance and patrolling of the area from central Portugal to the straits of Gibraltar.Portugal has made symbolic if modest contributions to NATO's mission in the Balkan conflicts beginning in the late 1990s and in Afghanistan since 2001. Among Portugal's contributions has been the service of medical units in Afghanistan.Historical dictionary of Portugal > North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-
13 power structure
Gen Mgtthe way in which power is distributed among different groups or individuals in an organization -
14 bureaucracy
Gen Mgtan organization structure with a rigid hierarchy of personnel, regulated by set rules and procedures. Max Weber believed that a bureaucracy was technically the most efficient form of organization. He described a bureaucracy as an organization structured around official functions that are bound by rules, each function having its own specified competence. The functions are structured into offices, which are organized into a hierarchy that follows technical rules and norms. Managers in a bureaucracy possess a rational-legal type of authority derived from the office they hold. Bureaucracies have been criticized for eradicating inspiration and creativity in favor of impersonality and the mundaneness and regularity of corporate life. This was best described in William H. Whyte’s The Organization Man, published in 1956, in which the individual was taken over by the bureaucratic machine in the name of efficiency. A more recent and humorous interpretation of life in a bureaucracy has been depicted by Scott Adams in The Dilbert Principle (1996). The term bureaucracy has gradually become a pejorative synonym for excessive and time-consuming paperwork and administration. Bureaucracies fell subject to delayering and downsizing from the 1980s onward, as the flatter organization became the target structure to ensure swifter market response and organizational flexibility. -
15 line management
(U.K.) Gen Mgt, HRa hierarchical chain of command from executive to front-line level. Line management is the oldest and least complex management structure, in which top management have total and direct authority and employees report to only one supervisor. Managers in this type of organization structure have direct responsibility for giving orders to their subordinates. Line management structures are usually organized along functional lines, although they increasingly undertake a variety of cross-functional duties such as employee development or strategic direction. The lowest managerial level in an organization following a line management structure is supervisory management. -
16 rationalization
Gen Mgtthe application of efficiency or effectiveness measures to an organization. Rationalization can occur at the onset of a downturn in an organization’s performance or results. It usually takes the form of cutbacks intended to bring the organization back to profitability and may involve layoffs, plant closures, and cutbacks in supplies and resources. It often involves changes in organization structure, particularly in the form of downsizing. The term is also used in a cynical way as a euphemism for mass layoffs. -
17 strategic management
Gen Mgtthe development of corporate strategy, and the management of an organization according to that strategy.Strategic management focuses on achieving and maintaining a strong competitive advantage. It involves the application of corporate strategy to all aspects of the organization, and especially to decision making. As a discipline, strategic management developed in the 1970s, but it has evolved in response to changes in organization structure and corporate culture. With greater empowerment, strategy has become the concern not just of directors but also of employees at all levels of the organization. -
18 skunkworks
Gen Mgta fast-moving group, working at the edge of the organization structure, which aims to accelerate the innovation process without the restrictions of organizational policies and procedures. Skunkworks can operate unknown to an organization, or with its tacit acceptance. With the organization’s acceptance, skunkworks are an extreme form of intrapreneurialism. The term skunkworks was popularized by Tom Peters and Bob Waterman in A Passion for Excellence (1984). -
19 Barnard, Chester
(1886–1961) Gen MgtU.S. business executive. President of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, whose book, The Functions of the Executive (1938), looked at the relationship of the individual to the organization and at organization structure. Barnard’s observations also covered the topics of communication, authority, and organizational core values. -
20 organizational development
Gen Mgta planned approach to far-reaching organizational change designed to enable an organization to respond and adapt to changing market conditions and to set a new agenda. Organizational development is frequently linked to organization structure, which can act either as an enabling or restrictive mechanism for change. For organizational development to succeed, any policies or strategies introduced must fit with the corporate culture.The ultimate business dictionary > organizational development
См. также в других словарях:
organization structure — way in which an organization is managed, hierarchy of an organization … English contemporary dictionary
Organization design — can be defined narrowly, as the process of reshaping organization structure and roles, or it can more effectively be defined as the alignment of structure, process, rewards, metrics and talent with the strategy of the business. Jay Galbraith and… … Wikipedia
Organization of United States Air Force Units in the Gulf War — Emblem of the United States Central Command Air Forces, 1990 Map of all coordinates from Google … Wikipedia
Organization of Kaulas — Kaula is a Tantrik tradition of Hinduism. It is a Culture and rich tradition of Sanatana Culture of Vedic way of life. Almost all Royal Families of Kerala (including Noble, elite, Royal clans) of Kerala were Kaulas, as they performed Tamasa Pooja … Wikipedia
organization — sandara statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. configuration; organization; structure vok. Gefüge, n; Konfiguration, f; Organisation, f; Struktur, f; struktureller Aufbau, m rus. строение, n; структура, f pranc. constitution, f;… … Automatikos terminų žodynas
structure — sandara statusas T sritis automatika atitikmenys: angl. configuration; organization; structure vok. Gefüge, n; Konfiguration, f; Organisation, f; Struktur, f; struktureller Aufbau, m rus. строение, n; структура, f pranc. constitution, f;… … Automatikos terminų žodynas
Organization development — (OD) is a new[when?] term which means a conceptual, organization wide effort to increase an organization s effectiveness and viability. Warren Bennis has referred to OD as a response to change, a complex educational strategy intended to change… … Wikipedia
Structure — is a fundamental and sometimes intangible notion covering the recognition, observation, nature, and stability of patterns and relationships of entities. From a child s verbal description of a snowflake, to the detailed scientific analysis of the… … Wikipedia
organization theory — organization theory, sociology of organizations In practice these terms are used interchangeably, although the former has a slightly wider remit than the latter as it also covers work by non sociologists, including those who are concerned to… … Dictionary of sociology
organization — or·ga·ni·za·tion n: a body (as a corporation or union) that has a membership acting or united for a common purpose or·ga·ni·za·tion·al adj Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam Webster. 1996. organization … Law dictionary
Organization of American States — Organization of American States Organisation des Éta … Wikipedia
